Malignant ovarian germcell tumours account for about 5% of all ovarian malignancies and typically present in the teenage years. Ovarian germ cell tumors ogcts comprise 2025% of all ovarian cancers arising from germ cells of ovary. More than 95% of gct are benign dermoid cysts mature cystic teratomas. Germ cell tumors are growths that occur in children, teens and adults. Combining similar histologies from mogct and tgct undoubtedly influences which genes are identified as significant, as will be discussed in. A germ cell tumour is slightly different than a typical ovarian cancer as it starts in the egg producing part of the ovary.
A modified version of the third who classification 2003 version of germ cell tumors of the ovary is presented in table 2. Germ cell tumors health encyclopedia university of. Ovarian germ cell tumors usually occur in teenage girls or young women and most often affect just one ovary. Feb 10, 2016 terms germ cells a germ cell is any biological cell that gives rise to the gametes of an organism that reproduces sexually. Gcts that originate outside the gonads may be birth defects resulting from errors during development of the embryo. Enlarge extracranial germ cell tumors form in parts of the body other than the brain. Ovarian germ cell tumor treatment ovarian teratoma treatment.
Dysgerminoma, the most common malignant germ cell tumor, usually manifests as a solid. Germ cell tumors of the ovary radiology reference article. While sharing many similarities with male germ cell tumours gcts, a group of cancers 20 times more common than mogcts. Flamant f, caillou b, pejovic mh, gerardmarchant r, gout m, lemerle j, sarrazin d, zucker jm, schweisguth 0 1978 prognostic factors in malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary in children excluding pure dysgerminoma.
Germ cell tumors can spread to lymph nodes, lung, liver, and brain. The concept of germ cell tumors as a specific group of. Malignant ovarian germ cell tumors a singleinstitution experience article pdf available in american journal of clinical oncology 322. If you just found out that you or your child has a germ cell tumor, you may have a lot of questions about what it means and what comes next. Mar 16, 2020 home gynecologic ovary germ cell tumors of ovary germ cell tumors gct originate from primordial germ cells and make up 30% of all ovarian tumors. The most common sites for metastasis are the lungs, liver, lymph nodes, and central nervous system. Malignant ovarian germ cell tumors spread in the same manner as. Germ cell tumor gct, dysgerminoma, metastatic ovarian cancer.
Staging includes peritoneal cytology, hysterectomy, bilateral salpingooophorectomy, omentectomy, and exploration of peritoneal surfaces and diaphragm with biopsies. Molecular characteristics of malignant ovarian germ cell tumors. There are four main types of ogcts, namely dysgerminomas, yolk sac tumor, teratoma, and choriocarcinoma. Ovarian germ cell tumors ogcts are derived from primordial germ cells of the ovary. Whether you can get pregnant after a germ cell tumor depends on the type of surgery you have if only one ovary and fallopian tube are removed. There have been several published reports of ovarian germ cell cancers affecting more than one family member. There are many kinds of germ cell tumors and only some. Get detailed treatment information for newly diagnosed or recurrent germ cell tumors.
Germ cell and stromal tumors of the ovary fred ueland, md university of kentucky gynecologic oncology. Germ cell tumors are composed of a number of histologically different tumor types derived from the primitive germ cells of the embryonic gonad. This accounts for 95 percent of all germ cell tumors and is clinically benign 6. Continued pregnancy after ovarian germ cell tumors. Clinical records of all female patients with malignant germ cell. Treatment for germ cell tumors of the ovary treating benign germ cell tumors women with benign noncancerous germ cell tumors such as mature teratomas dermoid cysts are cured by removing the part of the ovary that has the tumor ovarian cystectomy or by removing the entire ovary. Many germ cell tumors have more than one type of cell.
Ovarian germ cell tumors ogcts are heterogeneous tumors that are derived from the primitive germ cells of the embryonic gonad, which accounts for about 2. What has made this tale so special is the convergence of multiple tumor and host characteristics that combine to lead to optimal outcomes in most patients so affected. Germ cells tumors of the ovary account for approximately 1520% of all ovarian tumors. Germ cell tumors include tumors which arise from the ovum and its precursor germ cells. The mature cystic teratoma, also called dermoid cyst, is by far the most common subtype. Germ cell tumors can spread metastasize to other parts of the body. Germ cells normally occur inside the gonads ovary and testis. Its the most common germ cell tumor in the ovaries. Mar 01, 2014 an unknown percentage of malignant germ cell tumors reported in phenotypic women may, in fact, represent mtgcts seminomas, embryonal carcinomas, mixed germ cell tumors, as they may have originated from the malignant germ cell component of gonadoblatomas present in dysgenetic gonads of patients with an unrecognized y chromosomecontaining genotype 8, often difficult to demonstrate. Germ cell tumors account for about 2 to 4 percent of all cancers in children and adolescents younger than age 20. Ovarian cancer can start in the ovary s germ, stromal, or epithelial cells. Germ cell tumours tend to affect only one ovary, and most are curable even if diagnosed at an advanced stage. Ovarian germ cell tumor dysgerminoma cleveland clinic. Ovarian germ cell tumors treatment pdqpatient version.
Germ cell tumors are rare, about 900 children and adolescents are diagnosed in the united states each year. Germ cell tumors constitute the second largest group of ovarian neoplasms after the surface. Dysgerminoma, the most common malignant germ cell tumor, usually manifests as a solid mass. Ovarian germcell tumors represent 1520% of all ovarian tumors. A germ cell tumor gct is a neoplasm derived from germ cells. We report a family in which a tgct and an ovarian germ cell tumor ogct occurred in two siblings, summarize the existing literature on familial occurrences of ogct, either alone or in combination with extragonadal or tgcts, and compare the incidence of familial and sporadic testicular and ovarian gcts. Combining the knowledge and experience of pediatric and. Ovarian germ cell tumors treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Ovary is most common site of germ cell tumors in females 20 30% of ovarian tumors are germ cell tumors germ cell tumor histogenesis varies depending on neoplastic transformation of germ cells into either mature or embryonal multipotential cells. Germ cell tumors can arise from the ovary or from other locations of the body due to germ cell migration. With this, the neoplasm can metastasize and affect other areas of the body. Management of female malignant ovarian germ cell tumours. It can be characterized into cancerous or noncancerous cell.
Most ovarian cancers are a type called epithelial cancer. Ovarian and extragonadal malignant germcell tumors in females. Childhood extracranial germ cell tumors treatment pdq. They make up only 4% of all cancers in children and adolescents. Germ cell tumours of ovary by dr sreelasya kakarla sri siddhartha medical college and research hospital, tumkur 2. Ovarian malignant germ cell tumors rsna publications online. Primary mediastinal germ cell tumor the mediastinum is the most common site of extragonadal germ cell tumors 11, constituting 5070% of all extragonadal germ cell tumors. A study of 20 cases zyxwvutsrqp journal of surgical oncology 59. Most germ cell tumors that are cancerous occur as cancer of the testicles testicular cancer or cancer of the ovaries ovarian cancer. Ovarian germ cell tumor is a disease in which malignant cancer cells form in the germ egg cells of the ovary. They are almost always unilateral and are exquisitely chemosensitive.
Malignant germ cell cancers of the ovary include dysgerminomas and nondysgerminomas, which include immature teratomas, embryonal cell carcinoma, yolk sac tumors, primary ovarian nongestational choriocarcinomas, polyembryoma, and mixed germ cell tumors. Germ cell tumors atlas of genetics and cytogenetics. Although germ cell tumors of the ovary are morphologically similar to testicular germ cell tumors, they may not necessarily have an identical origin. Germ cells are cells that develop in the embryo which later becomes eggs and sperm in the ovaries and testes respectively.
Germ cell tumors in the testes of an adolescent male commonly present as an enlarging, solid mass, which may be painful. Germ cell tumors is a neoplasm which obtained from germ cells. Germ cell tumors most commonly appear in the gonads sex organs. Jan 31, 2019 surgical staging is the first step in the management of ovarian germ cell cancer. Germ cell tumors start in the ovarian cells that produce eggs. Prognostic factors include stage, amount of residual tumor, histologic type and raised tumor markers. They are asymptomatic until complications such as torsion or rupture arise. Germ cell tumors and their association with pregnancy intechopen. Clear cell carcinoma ccc of the ovary is the surface epithelial neoplasm most often confused with primitive germ cell tumors, particularly yolk sac tumor yst and dysgerminoma. Within the ovaries, germ cell tumors can usually be distinguished from ovarian cysts, which are much more common, using ultrasound. Malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary follow the same staging system as epithelial ovarian and primary peritoneal cancers. More than half of mediastinal germ cell tumors are mature teratomas. These rapidly growing neoplasms arise from primordial germ cells derived from the embryonal gonad and can reach impressive dimensions in a short period of time. This includes the testicles, ovaries, sacrum lower part of the spine, coccyx tailbone, mediastinum area between the lungs, retroperitoneum the back wall of the abdomen, and the head and neck.
The germ cells which are present outside the gonads are the birth defects during the development of embryo. With germ cell ovarian cancer, germ cell refers to the precursor cells that develop into eggs, ovarian refers to ovary which is where the germ cells live, of which there are two that sit on either side of the uterus. Updates in the management of ovarian germ cell tumors request. They represent 4050% of all benign ovarian neoplasms. Germ cell tumors germ cell tumors arise from the ovary s germinal elements and comprise a third of all ovarian neoplasms. Nov 14, 2018 the american joint committee on cancer ajcc tnm classification and the international federation of gynecology and obstetrics figo staging system for germ cell tumors are listed below see tables 1 and 2. Management of ovarian germ cell tumors journal of clinical.
Strumal carcinoid of the ovary is a type of germ cell tumor characterized by an intimate mixture of thyroid tissue and carcinoid. So, a germ cell ovarian cancer refers to situations where these precursor germ cells become cancerous and form tumors. These neoplasms comprise approximately 20 to 25 percent of ovarian neoplasms overall, but account for only an approximate 5 percent of all malignant ovarian neoplasms. Germ cell a germ cell is any biological cell that gives rise to the gametes of an organism that reproduces sexually. Some germ cell tumors occur in other areas of the body, such as the abdomen, brain and chest, though its not clear why. Ovarian germ cell tumors are rare events at all agesin pediatrics, adolescence, and. In adults, extragonadal germ cell tumors account for 15% of primary anterior mediastinal tumors 12.
Germ cell tumors of the ovary are presumed to derive from the pathogenic transformation of ovarian germ cells at different stages of development. Female malignant ovarian germ cell tumours mogcts are rare, but early diagnosis and multiagent chemotherapy are 1associated with high cure rates of 85. Germ cell cancer is a malignant neoplasm that originates from germ cells. Approximately 95% of germcell tumors are represented by benign cystic teratomas and are relatively easy to diagnose. The ovaries make a womans eggs and female hormones. These tumors are treated based on the cell type that is most common. For patients with early stage disease, cure rates approach 100%, while for those with advancedstage disease are at least 75%. Request pdf updates in the management of ovarian germ cell tumors. Germ cell tumors begin in the reproductive cells egg or sperm of the body.
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